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$\quad$$\quad$All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

$\quad$$\quad$在全世界范围内，律师都比其他职业更容易遭受敌意，可能除了新闻业。但是很少有其他地方能比美国的律师遭受更多敌意。

$\quad$$\quad$During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

$\quad$$\quad$在经济大萧条的前十年中，美国法律服务的支出和通货膨胀一样快地增长了两倍。最好的律师建立起了金钱大厦，吸引着更多的学生就读法律学校。但大多数法学毕业生没有得到一份大公司的工作。他们中的许多人反而变成了妨害诉讼的律师，使侵权制度成为一场代价高昂的噩梦。

$\quad$$\quad$There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states; a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law- school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

$\quad$$\quad$造成这种情况的有许多原因。其中之一是过分高昂的法律学习的费用。在美国大多数州，只有一条成为律师的路。在某些毫无关联的学科读四年的大学学位，之后在美国法律协会组织的200所法律学校里读三年的法律学位，并且还要支付高昂的准备司法考试的费用。这导致了如今法律学系的毕业生平均背负的债务是所有毕业生中最高的，平均100000美元。高额的债务意味着他们必须非常努力地工作。

$\quad$$\quad$Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

$\quad$$\quad$改革法律模式将会同时帮到律师和他们的顾客。这种想法已经持续了很长时间了，但调控这些的州级组织却太保守而没有实施改革。其中一种想法是允许人们以大学学位来学习法律。另一种是允许学生在参加两年法律学习就能参加考试。如果司法考试是一个足以测试律师资格的考试，这些能更早参考考试的人应当取得提前考试的资格。不需要额外培训的学生可以减少三分之一的债务。

$\quad$$\quad$The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from withinthe profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

$\quad$$\quad$另一个花费高昂的原因是严格死板的商业成员结构。除了哥伦比亚区，非律师不允许持有律所的股份。这让费用变得更贵而且进步也变得缓慢。行业内部存在要求变革的压力，但监管机构中反对变革的人士坚持认为，将外部人士排除在律师事务所之外，会使律师免受赚钱的压力，而不是在道德上为客户服务。

$\quad$$\quad$In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

$\quad$$\quad$事实上，允许非律师持有律师事务所的股份将会鼓励律师事务所使用技术，并雇佣职业经理人专注于提高事务所的效率，从而降低成本并改善对客户的服务。毕竟，其他国家，如澳大利亚和英国，已经开始自由化他们的法律职业。美国应该遵循。

26 A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

[A] the growing demand from clients

越来越多的顾客需求

[B] the increasing pressure of inflation

通货膨胀不断增长的压力

[C] the prospect of working in big firms

在大公司工作的期望

[D] the attraction of financial rewards

丰富的金钱报酬的吸引力      正确

答案定位：{ The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.}

27 Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies

在大学期间的高昂学费

[B] Receiving training by professional associations

接受专业协会的训练

[C] Admissions approval from the bar association

来自司法协会的录取许可

[D] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major

在其他专业得到学士学位      正确

答案定位：{a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.}

28 Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

[A] the rigid bodies governing the profession

管理该行业的刚性机构       正确

[B] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance

律师和客户的强烈抵制

[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.

这是对未来律师的严峻考验。

[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism

非专业人士的强烈批评

答案定位：{but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.}

29 The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it___

[A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.

阻止律师得到应得的利润

[B] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.

禁止外人在公司的投资       正确

[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.

加剧了行业的道德状况。

[D] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.

阻止律师持有律师事务所的股份。

答案定位：{ non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm}

30 In this text, the author mainly discusses

[A] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.

在美国有助于成为一名成功律师的因素。

[B] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.

美国法律业的一个问题及其解决方案      正确

[C] the role undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.

本科学习在美国法律教育中的作用。

[D] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.

美国律师事务所有缺陷的所有权及其原因。