https://leetcode.cn/problems/binary-tree-preorder-traversal/solutions/461821/er-cha-shu-de-qian-xu-bian-li-by-leetcode-solution(力扣链接)
/
* Definition for a binary tree node.
* struct TreeNode {
* int val;
* TreeNode left;
* TreeNode right;
* TreeNode() : val(0), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
* TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
* TreeNode(int x, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) : val(x), left(left), right(right) {}
* };
*/
二叉树遍历（迭代方法）

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode* root) {
        vector<int> res;
        if (root == nullptr) {
            return res;
        }

        stack<TreeNode*> stk;
        TreeNode* node = root;
        while (!stk.empty() || node != nullptr) {
            while (node != nullptr) {
                res.emplace_back(node->val);
                stk.emplace(node);
                node = node->left;
            }
            node = stk.top();
            stk.pop();
            node = node->right;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

二叉树遍历（递归）

class Solution {
public:
    void preorder(TreeNode *root, vector<int> &res) {
        if (root == nullptr) {
            return;
        }
        res.push_back(root->val);
        preorder(root->left, res);
        preorder(root->right, res);
    }

    vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode *root) {
        vector<int> res;
        preorder(root, res);
        return res;
    }
};