门控循环单元实际上是增加了对短期依赖关系和长期依赖关系的权重选择，使得序列预测更可靠

• 重置门有助于捕获序列中的短期依赖关系
• 更新门有助于捕获序列中的长期依赖关系

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l

batch_size, num_steps = 32, 35
train_iter, vocab = d2l.load_data_time_machine(batch_size, num_steps)


# 初始化模型参数
def get_params(vocab_size, num_hiddens, device):
    num_inputs = num_outputs = vocab_size

    def normal(shape):
        return torch.randn(size=shape, device=device) * 0.01

    def three():
        return (normal((num_inputs, num_hiddens)),
                normal((num_hiddens, num_hiddens)),
                torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device))

    W_xz, W_hz, b_z = three()
    W_xr, W_hr, b_r = three()
    W_xh, W_hh, b_h = three()
    # 输出层参数
    W_hq = normal((num_hiddens, num_outputs))
    b_q = torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device)
    # 附加梯度
    params = [W_xz, W_hz, b_z, W_xr, W_hr, b_r, W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q]
    for param in params:
        param.requires_grad_(True)
    return params


# 定义模型
def init_gru_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device):
    return (torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device),)


def gru(inputs, state, params):
    W_xz, W_hz, b_z, W_xr, W_hr, b_r, W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q = params
    H, = state
    outputs = []
    for X in inputs:
        Z = torch.sigmoid((X @ W_xz) + (H @ W_hz) + b_z)
        R = torch.sigmoid((X @ W_xr) + (H @ W_hr) + b_r)
        H_tilda = torch.tanh((X @ W_xh) + ((R * H) @ W_hh) + b_h)
        H = Z * H + (1 - Z) * H_tilda
        Y = (H @ W_hq) + b_q
        outputs.append(Y)
    return torch.cat(outputs, dim=0), (H,)


# 训练与预测
vocab_size, num_hiddens, device = len(vocab), 256, d2l.try_gpu()
num_epochs, lr = 500, 1
model = d2l.RNNModelScratch(len(vocab), num_hiddens, device, get_params,
                            init_gru_state, gru)
d2l.train_ch8(model, train_iter, vocab, lr, num_epochs, device)
d2l.plt.show()

# 简洁实现
num_inputs = vocab_size
gru_layer = nn.GRU(num_inputs, num_hiddens)
model = d2l.RNNModel(gru_layer, len(vocab))
model = model.to(device)
d2l.train_ch8(model, train_iter, vocab, lr, num_epochs, device)
d2l.plt.show()