拓扑排序-队列实现
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m;
int h[N], ne[N], e[N], idx;
int q[N], hh = 0, tt = -1;
int rudu[N];
void add(int a, int b) {
e[idx] = b;
ne[idx] = h[a];
h[a] = idx ++ ;
}
int main() {
cin >> n >> m;
memset(h, -1, sizeof h);
for (int i = 0; i < m; i ++ ) {
int a, b;
cin >> a >> b;
add(a, b);
rudu[b] ++ ;
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ ) {
if (rudu[i] == 0) q[++ tt] = i;
}
while (hh <= tt) {
int t = q[hh];
hh ++ ;
for (int i = h[t]; i != -1; i = ne[i]) {
int j = e[i];
rudu[j] -- ;
if (rudu[j] == 0) q[++ tt] = j;
}
}
if (tt == n - 1) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ ) cout << q[i] << ' ';
}
else cout << -1 << endl;
return 0;
}