class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> printMatrix(vector<vector<int> > matrix) {
        vector<int> res;
        if (matrix.empty()) return res;
        int n = matrix.size();
        int m = matrix[0].size();
        int dx[4] = {-1, 0, 1, 0}, dy[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
        int x = 0, y = 0, d = 1;
        vector<vector<bool>> st(n, vector<bool>(m, false));
        for (int k = 0; k < n * m; k++) {
            res.push_back(matrix[x][y]);
            st[x][y] = true;

            int a = x + dx[d], b = y + dy[d];
            if (a < 0 || a >= n || b < 0 || b >= m || st[a][b]) {
                d = (d + 1) % 4;
                a = x + dx[d], b = y + dy[d];
            }
            x = a, y = b;
        }
        return res;   
    }
};